Cystitis

What is cystitis?

Cystitis is a common urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder. It happens when bacteria cause inflammation in the lower part of the urinary tract, usually the bladder or urethra.

Cystitis symptoms are often mild, but they can be uncomfortable. In many cases, a short course of prescription cystitis treatment, such as antibiotics, is used to clear the infection.

How long does cystitis last?

Mild cystitis can sometimes improve on its own within a couple of days. If symptoms haven’t improved after three days, or they’re getting worse, it’s important to seek advice and consider treatment.

What causes cystitis?

Cystitis usually occurs when bacteria enter the bladder through the urethra.

Women and transgender women are more likely to get cystitis because the urethra is shorter and closer to the anus. This makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other factors can also increase the risk, including previous UTIs, sexual activity, or irritation of the urinary tract.

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Common cystitis symptoms include:

• A frequent urge to pass urine
  
• Needing to urinate more often than usual
  
• A burning or stinging feeling when passing urine
  

Some people may also notice lower abdominal discomfort, feel unwell, or see blood in their urine.

Treatment for cystitis

Mild symptoms may improve with simple steps such as drinking plenty of fluids and avoiding irritation.

If symptoms persist, antibiotic treatment for cystitis is often recommended. Nitrofurantoin is a commonly prescribed antibiotic for uncomplicated cystitis and is only available with a prescription. For symptom relief, some people also use over-the-counter cystitis relief sachets or pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen.

How is cystitis diagnosed?

Cystitis is usually confirmed with a urine test, which checks for bacteria or signs of infection. This is typically arranged through a GP. However, if you’ve had cystitis before and recognise the symptoms, a clinician may assess your condition based on your symptoms and medical history.